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How RADAR Works
page Here you will find more technical information available than you will ever need in a radar case. Unless you are a radar technical expert, any attempts to put on a radar technical defense will fail you. The kourt will ask you if you are a kourt recognized radar expert. If you are not, you will NOT be allowed to proceed with a technical defense. Even if you have a degree in electronics or microwave, you will not be allowed to proceed if you are not a kourt recognized radar expert. If you bring a recognized radar expert to kourt, the kourt will ask for a delay in the trial to bring in their own experts. The Georgia $peedingTICKETKILLER system does NOT rely on “any” technical defenses for radar, rather legal errors of Georgia law instead. Legal errors of law, breaking the chain of evidence, and or proving the officer did NOT properly test the unit in accordance with Georgia law is the only way to win in Georgia kangaroo traffic kourts. However, one can never be armed with to much ammunition, (in this case knowledge) when going into battle in a Georgia Kangaroo kourt. Knowing in detail how RADAR works may allay some fears in defending against it, or simply satisfy certain curiosity. The following is an explanation of Police Radar. It explains Police radar and its operation and theory. · Doppler Radar Police radar is a Doppler radar. It measures speed similar to the way astronomers measure the velocity and distance of stars. The radar antenna emits a beam in the radio frequency range. The beam bounces off the target, and then returns to the police radar antenna. The velocity of the target will change the frequency of the radar signal. That change in frequency is interpreted by the radar unit and shown to the officer as the target's speed. · Radar Case In order for the officer to make a successful speeding case, he needs to establish the following: 1. Venue (or jurisdiction) 2. Date and time of the offence 3. Roadway on which the offence occurred 4. Posted Speed 5. Identify the vehicle and the operator 6. Tracking History 7. Radar Reading It is often helpful for the officer to include other information such as weather and traffic conditions, and any statements made by the violator. The officer testimony will typically be something like this: On 10 November 2002 at about 8:36am, I was operating stationary radar on Highway 1 near Main Street, in the city of Hiram, Georgia. The area is posted as a 45 mile per hour zone. I noticed a red Saturn SL1 traveling east on Highway 1 at a high rate of speed. I activated my radar. It gave a high-pitched clear tone, and it indicated a speed of 62 miles per hour. I stopped the Saturn and made contact with the driver, Ms. Blank. Georgia law requires additional information, such as the calibration information on the radar, the officer's certification to operate the radar, and the cities valid speed detection device permit.
· Tracking The most important part of a radar case is a tracking history. The radar unit will display a number, and that's all. It doesn't tell the officer which vehicle it is, or if there's even a vehicle there. The officer has to track the vehicle to make sure that his observations match what the radar is showing him. Otherwise, the officer might stop the wrong vehicle or a common radar error might give an incorrect speed. In some cases, the officer will testify to visually estimating the violator's speed to within 5 miles per hour. The Georgia $peedingTICKETKILLER system has a trial tested KILLER defense for this officers’ visual estimate of your speed (using relevant Georgia case law) that will make him/her look like an absolute idiot on the witness stand. The radar beam is a cone. It does not pick out individual vehicles. It cannot even pick out individual lanes. The radar shows a speed based on three factors.
This is generally referred to as biggest, closest, and fastest. The radar usually picks up the target that is the largest in its view. Therefore, it might pick up a motorcycle that was very close to it before a tractor-trailer a mile down the road. Many times the radar will display different speeds of different vehicles that are close together. The officer has to determine if he is getting a good reading and if so, which vehicles' speed is being displayed. This isn't as hard as it might sound. Radars are equipped with a speaker which give a tone reflecting the Doppler signal its receiving. If it's a clear high pitched tone, then it's getting a good solid reading from a vehicle. It will give a low raspy tone if it's not getting a clear signal. This happens when there is something in between the radar and the target or when the vehicle is entering or leaving the beam. Once you have a solid tone, you look at how the traffic is moving. If there is a clump of vehicles that is moving at 65mph then a vehicle overtakes them at a high rate of speed, and the radar shows 85mph, it's easy to figure out who was going that fast. Alternatively, if a group of vehicles is traveling together in a clump, where no one is overtaking or falling behind, all the vehicles in that clump will be at about the same speed. Some radars have a fastest vehicle button that will display the fastest vehicle in its cone. This is very useful for when there are large targets such as tractor-trailers in between the radar and a fast moving small vehicle. Modes of Radar · Stationary (Fixed) Stationary radar is radar at its simplest. The officer sits on the side of the road, and watches traffic. When he observes a vehicle moving at high speed, he activates the radar. The radar goes through its basic decision factors (Reflectivity, Position, and Speed) then it displays that speed. The radar will give a tone. If the tone is clear and the displayed speed matches the officer visual observations, the officer can make the stop. · Moving Moving radar is very similar stationary radar, but it is looking for two different speeds. The radar looks for the largest object in its field, and it assumes that this is the passing background. Then it looks for the second most significant object that it assumes is the target. The radar actually measures the closing speed or separation speed between the target and the patrol vehicle. The radar's counting unit will then use the following formulas. Target Speed
(TS) = Closing Speed (CS) - Patrol Speed (PS) The radar unit will then display two speeds. It will show the target speed and the patrol speed. The officer must compare the patrol speed displayed on the radar with that displayed on the car's speedometer. This is an essential element of the radar case. The radar speed will be more accurate, but there are certain errors that this will detect. The speeds must be consistent. · Same Direction Same direction radar was developed when engineers were examining the shadowing error. Same direction radar uses very different logic than either moving or stationary radar. It also requires more a complicated tracking history. Basically, it figures out the patrol speed. Then it looks for the bounced reflection off the other vehicle and measures the relative speed between them. This makes things more complicated because the officer must decide to activate the radar, let the radar know if the officer or the target is moving faster. Radar Errors There are several things that will affect a police radar unit. There is a famous example of a lawyer aiming a Radar at the courtroom wall and clocking it at 19 miles per hour. Radars will pick up interference from things other than vehicles. Power lines and the patrol car's air conditioner are the most common things that a Radar will register. This is why training and experience is important. Officers will learn where the power lines are, and how the radar will react to them. · Interference Police radar uses part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Any number of electromagnetic and physical phenomena can influence them. Air conditioning units in patrol cars can create a reading (generally 30 mph). Some high power lines can also set off radars (generally around either 90 mph or 100 mph). Officers must have a good tracking history in order to confirm that his observations are matched by the speed displayed by the radar. If an officer is traveling along a road with a 35 mph limit, and sees a vehicle traveling at around 50 mph, and the radar displays 100 mph, he knows that the result is bogus. An officer should know his beat well enough that he's aware of the common sources of interferences. Some forms of interference, such as the air conditioning units, will disappear when the radar detects an actual moving object. Its decision factors will ignore any signal as weak from the air conditioner unit. · Cosine Error Cosine error is when the radar antenna is at an angle to the target. Instead of coming straight towards the antenna, the target is moving across the beam. Some of the speed is lost. Basically, this means that if an officer is sitting at an angle to the flow of traffic, the speed indicated will always be lower than the actual speed of the target. In stationary mode, it is always to the advantage of the violator. In moving mode, a cosine error can reduce the computed speed of the patrol vehicle. So when the counting unit computes the target speed with CS-PS=TS, the target speed will be higher than it should be. To counteract this, the officer needs to check his speedometer against patrol speed displayed by the radar. In MOVING mode, it is always to the disadvantage of the violator and something you need to consider if targeted with MOVING radar. · Masking Masking is a rarely observed error where the radar antenna is pointed at the counting unit (the part of the radar that shows the speed). · Shadowing Shadowing is when an officer is behind another moving object. Usually it will be something large like a tractor-trailer. The radar will interpret the tractor-trailer as the background instead of the actual background. Therefore, when an officer is running moving radar, he has to check the patrol speed showed by the radar unit against his speedometer. If they don't match then he may have a shadowing error. · Batching Batching is when an officer is accelerating and activates the radar. Most modern radars have internal error checking that prevents this from being an issue. · Scanning Scanning is when you swing a radar antenna across a background. It's possible to get the radar to show a speed this way, but it is hard. Other Potential Issues with Radar · Officer Training An officer must be trained to operate Radar in the state of Georgia. It will be an element of the case that the officer will make in court. Asking the officer for this permit on the side of the road is a waste of time. It does not take much to figure out how the radar works, but it does take some training and experience. · Two Officer Teams On some occasions, officers will act in teams. One officer will operate the speed detection equipment, and another officer will issue citations. This is particularly common in the state of Georgia. In order to obtain a conviction, the officer who identifies the violation must be in court to identify the violation. The officer who issues the citation must come to court to identify the driver. The officers must also be able to say how they were to pass the information about the violation between them. Georgia law (we teach you this in our system) pertinently requires that when an officer makes a traffic case based on information received from another officer, both officers MUST appear in court. In these scenarios, they rarely do, because they know you are ignorant of this and can beat you with just one officer. · Calibration (this is where most RADAR cases can be killed) Radars “MUST” be checked for accuracy daily. The results of these tests must be recorded and maintained. Under Georgia law, the officer has to check it at the beginning and end of each shift. The check for accuracy consists of the following:
If the radar does not perform within the manufacturer’s specifications, it has to be removed from service until the Radar can be repaired. Specially trained technicians MUST calibrate Radars every 12 months in Georgia, and they MUST have this proof in kourt at the time of your trial in order to win. Many times, they do not, but because most defendants do NOT know this, or how to object to this, they lose anyway.
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